SmoothSnow

Baseball

2005-04-04T08:53:00.000-07:00

Game played with a bat, a ball, and gloves between two teams of nine players each on a field with four white bases laid out in a diamond (i.e., a square oriented so that its diagonal line is vertical). Teams alternate positions as batters (offense) and fielders (defense), exchanging places when three members of the batting team are “put out.” As batters, players try to hit the ball

Poel, William

2005-04-04T06:29:00.000-07:00

Poel was reared among the Pre-Raphaelite artists, and as a boy he posed for William Holman Hunt. He early decided to go on the stage. After working for a time as an actor, stage manager, and theatre manager, he

Shaft Coupling

2005-04-02T03:14:00.000-08:00

A common type of rigid coupling

Haldane, Richard Burdon, 1st Viscount Haldane Of Cloan

2005-04-02T00:29:00.000-08:00

Educated at the universities of Göttingen and Edinburgh, Haldane was called to the English bar in 1879 and became a queen's counsel in 1890. He sat in the House of Commons from 1885 until his elevation

Catecholamine

2005-03-31T08:32:00.000-08:00

All catecholamines begin

Acta

2005-03-31T01:04:00.000-08:00

The Acta Senatus, or Commentarii Senatus, were the minutes of the proceedings of the Senate. The emperor Augustus continued to keep them but forbade their publication. From the reign of his successor, Tiberius, in the

Ear, Human, Vestibule

2005-03-29T14:43:00.000-08:00

The two membranous sacs of the vestibule, the utricle and the saccule, are known as the otolith organs (Figure 4). Because they respond to gravitational forces, they are also called gravity receptors. Each sac has on its inner surface a single patch of sensory cells called a macula, which is about 2 millimetres (0.08 inch) in diameter and which monitors the position of the head

Lur

2005-03-29T03:26:00.000-08:00

The Lurs and their neighbours, the Bakhtyari, are partly agricultural and partly pastoral tribes. Lush grazing pastures between the mountain ranges enabled the

Gabon, Government

2005-03-27T03:39:00.000-08:00

Under the frequently revised constitution of 1961, Gabon is a republic under the executive direction of a president elected by direct universal suffrage for a period of seven years and a Council of Ministers appointed by the president. Provision is also made for a prime minister (appointed by the president) and a National Assembly (elected by direct suffrage) to assume

Saint Bernard

2005-03-27T00:57:00.000-08:00

Working dog credited with saving the lives of some 2,500 people in 300 years of service as pathfinder and rescue dog at the hospice founded by St. Bernard of Montjoux in Great St. Bernard Pass in the Pennine Alps. Probably descended from mastifflike dogs that were introduced from Asia to Europe by the Romans, the St. Bernard appears to have been brought to the hospice in the late

Corcoran Gallery Of Art

2005-03-25T14:40:00.000-08:00

The museum also houses the private collection of

Black Hundreds

2005-03-24T10:28:00.000-08:00

Russian Chernosotentsy, reactionary, antirevolutionary, and anti-Semitic groups formed in Russia during and after the Russian Revolution of 1905. The most important of these groups were the League of the Russian People (Soyuz Russkogo Naroda), League of the Archangel Michael (Soyuz Mikhaila Arkhangela), and Council of United Nobility (Soviet Obedinennogo Dvoryanstva). The Black Hundreds were

4-h Club

2005-03-23T13:19:00.000-08:00

One of an organization of clubs for youth aged 10 to 21 who engage in programs of “learning by doing.” The clubs are found principally in the United States and Canada, though some 80 other nations have adopted the idea. The 4-H Club emblem is the four-leaf clover with the letter H on each leaf; the club colours are green and white. The name 4-H is suggested in the pledge:I pledgeMy Head to

Framingham

2005-03-23T07:37:00.000-08:00

Town (township), Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Sudbury River, about 20 miles (32 km) west of Boston. Settled in 1650, it was incorporated in 1700 and derived its name from Framlingham, Suffolk, England. Framingham Center, just north of the downtown area, was the original village. Framingham's industrial development dates from 1835, with the utilization of local

Umniati River

2005-03-20T22:50:00.000-08:00

River, tributary of the Zambezi River in north-central Zimbabwe. It has its source in the Daramumbe Range on the main watershed north of Chivhu. Flowing northwest for 325 miles (520 km), the Umniati joins the Zambezi River near the Kariba Dam. Its tributaries include the Sebakwe, Umsweswe, and Umfuli rivers. Its lower course, formed by the confluence with the Umfuli River, is also

Crab-eating Fox

2005-03-20T03:20:00.000-08:00

Also called Savanna Fox, or Crab-eating Dog (Cerdocyon thous), South American member of the dog family (Canidae), found in grassy or forested areas. It attains a length of 60–70 cm (24–28 inches), excluding a 30-centimetre tail, and has a gray to brown coat that is frequently tinged with yellow. It generally lives alone or in pairs and spends the day in a burrow, emerging at night to hunt for such foods as small animals, fruit, insects, turtle

Oboe

2005-03-19T11:28:00.000-08:00

Hautbois (French: “high [i.e., loud] wood”), or oboe, was originally one of the names of the shawm, the violently powerful instrument of

Skalkottas, Nikos

2005-03-18T21:53:00.000-08:00

Skalkottas began violin studies at the age of five, continuing them later at the Athens conservatory and in Berlin, where he also studied composition. Influenced by Schoenberg, with whom he studied (1927–31), he began using the 12-tone method in his compositions but adhered to traditional forms.

Argentina, Diet

2005-03-18T16:10:00.000-08:00

The combination of Old and New World cultures is also seen in the Argentine diet. Southern European influences appear especially in the cities, where breakfast is generally a serving of three sweet rolls (medialunas) and coffee, and supper is taken, in the Spanish tradition, after 9:00 PM. The Italian influence is seen in the popularity of pasta dishes. But the New World asserts

Patristic Literature, Monastic literature

2005-03-17T07:57:00.000-08:00

Both Anthony (c. 250–355), the founder of eremitical, or solitary, monasticism in

Chuuk Islands

2005-03-17T01:47:00.000-08:00

Formerly Truk Islands, or Hogoleu, cluster of 14 much-eroded high volcanic islands in Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia, in the western Pacific Ocean. Forming part of the eastern Caroline Islands, the Chuuk Islands are enclosed within an encircling barrier bank composed of some 69 sand and coral islets. The bank (often referred to as a reef) encloses a lagoon of 822 square miles (2,129 square km) in area and

André, John

2005-03-16T07:57:00.000-08:00

Sent to America in 1774, André became chief intelligence officer to the British commander in chief, General Sir Henry Clinton, in New York City. From May 1779 he carried on a secret correspondence

Carbuncle

2005-03-15T23:03:00.000-08:00

In mineralogy, a deep red, cabochon-cut almandine, which is an iron aluminum garnet. See almandine.

Dion

2005-03-15T20:52:00.000-08:00

When the younger Dionysius, who was weak and inexperienced, succeeded in 367, Dion assumed control and persuaded Plato, whose friendship he had acquired, to train the new tyrant in the practical application of his philosophical principles. The experiment

Encke's Comet

2005-03-15T07:25:00.000-08:00

Faint comet having the shortest orbital period (about 3.3 years) of any known; it was also only the second comet (after Halley's) to have its period established. The comet was first observed in 1786 by Pierre Méchain. Johann Franz Encke in 1819 calculated that sightings of apparently different comets in 1786, 1795, 1805, and 1818 were in fact appearances of the same comet, whose short orbital period he was

Mckinley

2005-03-13T21:35:00.000-08:00

County, northwestern New Mexico, U.S., bordered on the west by Arizona. It is a scenic region with highly varied terrain, in the Navajo section of the Colorado Plateaus. In the west, a red shale valley lies between red sandstone cliffs; angular rock outcroppings rise amid the near-desert plains in the far west. Buttes and mesas appear throughout McKinley county, including

Essex Decision

2005-03-13T19:33:00.000-08:00

Decision rendered by the British High Court of Admiralty in 1804 and confirmed the following year, which contributed to the bad feeling between the United States and Great Britain that eventually led to the War of 1812. Britain and France were at war, and the American merchant vessel Essex had been captured by the British while transporting goods from the French West Indies

Kaffeklubben Island

2005-03-12T11:47:00.000-08:00

Island and one of the world's northernmost points of land, in the Arctic Ocean, 37 km (20 nautical miles) east of Cape Morris Jesup, Greenland. Kaffeklubben (Danish: “Coffee Club”) was discovered in 1900 by Robert E. Peary, the American Arctic explorer. The island was visited in 1921 by the Danish explorer Lauge Koch, who named it for the Kaffeklub at the Mineralogical Museum in Copenhagen.

Palanpur

2005-03-11T00:39:00.000-08:00

City, Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies in the lowlands between the Aravalli Range and the Kathiawar Peninsula. The former capital of the princely state of Palanpur, the city is now a trade and processing centre for agricultural produce and a rail and road junction. Palanpur is also known for its handicrafts. Pop. (1991 prelim.) 80,620.

Henry I

2005-03-10T23:01:00.000-08:00

The son of Robert II the Pious and grandson of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, Henry was anointed king at Reims (1026) in his father's lifetime, following the death of his elder brother Hugh. His mother, Constance, however, favoured his younger brother

Azare

2005-03-10T10:51:00.000-08:00

Town and traditional emirate, Bauchi state, northeastern Nigeria, located in the northern extension of the state. The town and emirate are peopled by the Hausa, Fulani, and Beriberi, who are predominantly Muslim. The first prime minister of Nigeria, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was born in the emirate. The area is chiefly agricultural, the principal crops consisting

Eisenhower, Mamie

2005-03-08T09:27:00.000-08:00

Although she did not change the job of first lady, Mamie Eisenhower was a favourite of many American women, who imitated her youthful style (known as the “Mamie style”) and what her husband called her “unaffected manner.”

Circassian

2005-03-08T09:06:00.000-08:00

From ancient times Circassia, comprising roughly the northwestern region of the Caucasus, acquired the exotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival empires. The early history of the Circassian peoples is fairly obscure. Though no Greek

Blood Pressure

2005-03-08T04:05:00.000-08:00

Force originating in the pumping action of the heart, exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels; the stretching of the vessels in response to this force and their subsequent contraction are important in maintaining blood flow through the vascular system. In human beings, blood pressure is usually measured indirectly over the brachial or femoral

Bomber

2005-03-07T22:10:00.000-08:00

Military aircraft designed to drop bombs on surface targets. Aerial bombardment can be traced to the Italo-Turkish War, in which early in December 1911 an Italian pilot on an observation mission reached over the side of his airplane and dropped four grenades on two Turkish targets. During World War I the Germans used their rigid airships, known as Zeppelins, as strategic

Arts, Central Asian, The kingdoms of western Turkistan and Afghanistan

2005-03-07T09:49:00.000-08:00

Skill in irrigation, with the resulting expansion in agriculture, encouraged urbanism and the growth of states, changes that coincided with the rise of nomadism. While the nomadic cattle and horse breeders took over the steppelands, the culturally distinct states of Sogdiana (part of Uzbekistan and much of Tajikistan), Fergana (the greater part of Uzbekistan), Chorasmia

Liberation, Union Of

2005-03-07T06:21:00.000-08:00

The Union of Liberation gave expression

Kamen-na-obi

2005-03-05T08:10:00.000-08:00

City and administrative centre of Kamensky rayon (sector), Altay kray (region), south-central Russia. A port on the Ob River, it was founded in 1670 and designated an urban settlement in 1915 and became a city in 1925. Its economic base is the food-processing industry; other factories produce bricks and furniture. Teacher-training and veterinary colleges are located in the city. Pop. (1993 est.)

Tactical Weapons System

2005-03-05T05:35:00.000-08:00

System integrating tactical weapons with electronic equipment for target acquisition, aiming, or fire control or a combination of such purposes. Tactical weapons are designed for offensive or defensive use at relatively short range with relatively immediate consequences. They include weapons used for antitank assault, antiaircraft defense, battlefield

Music, Western, Solo and ensemble instruments

2005-03-04T17:23:00.000-08:00

The four major vehicles for instrumental music of the period were the lute, the organ, stringed keyboard instruments, and instrumental ensembles. Most popular by far was the lute, which could produce the major elements of instrumental style except for long, sustained tones. Noteworthy composers of lute music included Luis Milán in Spain, Arnold Schlick in Germany,

Benbow, John

2005-03-03T23:13:00.000-08:00

The son of a tanner of Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Benbow served in the navy and merchant marine from 1678 and became captain of a naval vessel in 1689. As master of the fleet under Admiral Edward Russell, he helped destroy the French fleet

Ezra

2005-03-02T08:16:00.000-08:00

Hebrew 'ezra' religious leader of the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon, reformer who reconstituted the Jewish community on the basis of the Torah (Law, or the regulations of the first five books of the Old Testament). His work helped make Judaism a religion in which law was central, enabling the Jews to survive as a community when they were dispersed

Aptitude Test

2005-03-02T02:34:00.000-08:00

Examination that attempts to determine and measure those characteristics of a person that are regarded as indices of his capability to acquire, through future training, some specific set of responses (intellectual, motor, and so on). The tests assume that people differ in their special abilities and that these differences are related in a predictable manner to

Ahikar, The Story Of

2005-03-01T07:03:00.000-08:00

Folktale of Babylonian or Persian origin, about a wise and moral man who supposedly served as one of the chief counselors of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704–681 BC). Like the biblical Job, Ahikar was a prototype of the just man whose righteousness was sorely tested and ultimately rewarded by God. Betrayed by his power-hungry adopted son, Ahikar was condemned to death, suffered

Aptitude Test

2005-02-28T15:06:00.000-08:00

British honorary institution founded by Edward VII in 1902 to reward those who provided especially eminent service in the armed forces or particularly distinguished themselves in science, art, literature, or the promotion of culture. The order is limited to only 24 members, although the British monarch can appoint foreigners as “honorary members.” The order carries no

Aerospace Industry, Satellite, launch vehicle, and missile manufacture

2005-02-28T11:28:00.000-08:00

The manufacturing processes for aircraft are largely paralleled in the production of satellites, their launch vehicles, and missiles. Because minimum weight is critical for all three kinds of products, the use of composites has grown such that it can include the entire structure for satellites and smaller missiles. For these vehicles, electronics production

Wu Changshuo

2005-02-27T16:49:00.000-08:00

Wu was born into a scholarly family and began writing poems and carving seals by age 10. As a young man, Wu passed the civil service examinations and started a family, while still pursuing art and poetry during his free

Osheroff, Douglas D.

2005-02-27T10:08:00.000-08:00

Osheroff received a bachelor's degree (1967) from the California Institute of Technology and a doctorate (1973) from Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. He was a graduate student

Qodashim

2005-02-26T11:56:00.000-08:00

(Hebrew: “Holy Things”), the fifth of the six major divisions, or orders (sedarim), of the Mishna (codification of Jewish oral laws), which was given its final form early in the 3rd century AD by Judah ha-Nasi. Qodashim deals primarily with rites and sacrifices that took place in the Temple of Jerusalem, which was destroyed in AD 70 by Roman legions and never rebuilt. The 11 tractates (treatises)

World War I, The Egyptian frontiers, 1915July 1917

2005-02-25T21:03:00.000-08:00

Even after the evacuation from Gallipoli, the British maintained 250,000 troops in Egypt. A major source of worry to the British was the danger of a Turkish threat from Palestine across the Sinai Desert to the Suez Canal. That danger waned, however, when the initially unpromising rebellion of the Hashimite amir Husayn ibn 'Ali against the Turks in the Hejaz was developed by the

Carter, Jimmy

2005-02-25T00:06:00.000-08:00

At the conclusion of the president's term, the Carters returned to their hometown. Rosalynn, who had taken an active role as first lady—not only acting as an adviser to the president but also attending cabinet meetings when the subjects under consideration were of interest to her—joined her husband in establishing the Carter Presidential Center in Atlanta, which included a presidential library and museum. Carter served as a sort of diplomat without portfolio in various conflicts in a number of countries—including Nicaragua (where he successfully promoted the return of the Miskito Indians to their homeland), Panama (where he observed and reported illegal voting procedures), and Ethiopia (where he attempted to mediate a settlement with the Eritrean People's Liberation Force). He was particularly active in this role in 1994, negotiating with North Korea to end nuclear weapons development there, with Haiti to effect a peaceful transfer of power, and with Bosnian Serbs and Muslims to broker a short-lived cease-fire. His efforts on behalf of international peace and his highly visible participation in building homes for the poor through Habitat for Humanity established in the public mind a much more favourable image of Carter than had been the case during his presidency. After leaving office, Carter also became a prolific author, writing on a variety of topics, including his presidency, the Middle East, and his Christian faith. He also wrote a collection of poetry.

Pavia

2005-02-24T04:13:00.000-08:00

Pavia originated as Ticinum, a settlement of the Papiria tribe, which was conquered by Rome c. 220 BC and later became a key point in the Roman defense

Cima Da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista

2005-02-23T11:39:00.000-08:00

Italian painter of the Venetian school whose style was marked by its use of landscape and by airy, luminous colour. Probably a pupil of Bartolomeo Montagna, a minor painter of Vicenza, he was later influenced by the poetic and colouristically sensitive style of Giovanni Bellini, the great Venetian master of the late 15th and

Filarete

2005-02-23T08:43:00.000-08:00

Filarete is thought to have been trained under Lorenzo Ghiberti in Florence. From 1433 to 1445 he was employed by Pope Eugenius IV to execute the bronze central doors of Old St. Peter's in Rome

Eye Dialect

2005-02-22T16:45:00.000-08:00

The use of misspellings that are based on standard pronunciations (such as sez for says or kow for cow) but are usually intended to suggest a speaker's illiteracy or his use of generally nonstandard pronunciations. It is sometimes used in literature for comic effect.

Porphyry Copper Deposit

2005-02-21T15:52:00.000-08:00

Blanketlike replacement deposit of copper minerals that are disseminated throughout a large mass of fractured rock. Porphyry copper deposits commonly contain tens of millions of metric tons of ore that averages a fraction of 1 percent copper by weight; although they are low-grade, the deposits constitute important sources because they may be worked on a large

Trichomonad

2005-02-21T05:49:00.000-08:00

The genus Trichomonas is a common parasite in

Wagram, Battle Of

2005-02-21T03:57:00.000-08:00

(July 5–6, 1809), victory for Napoleon, which forced Austria to sign an armistice and led eventually to the Treaty of Schönbrunn in October, ending Austria's 1809 war against the French control of Germany. The battle was fought on the Marchfeld (a plain northeast of Vienna) between 154,000 French and other troops under Napoleon and 158,000 Austrians under Archduke Charles. After a defeat at Aspern-Essling

India, The Afghan-Maratha struggle for North India

2005-02-19T04:49:00.000-08:00

Muhammad Shah died in April 1748, and within the next 11 years four princes ascended the Mughal throne. Muhammad Shah's son, Ahmad Shah (ruled 1748–54), was deposed by his wazir , 'Imad-ul-Mulk. 'Alamgir II (ruled 1754–59), the next emperor, was assassinated, also by the wazir, who now proclaimed Prince Muhi-ul-Millat, a grandson of Kam Bakhsh, as emperor under the title of Shah Jahan III (November 1759); he was soon replaced by 'Alamg

Harden, Sir Arthur

2005-02-18T20:45:00.000-08:00

After studies at Manchester and at Erlangen, Germany, Harden became a lecturer-demonstrator at the University of Manchester (1888–97). He took charge of the

Francis I

2005-02-18T07:24:00.000-08:00

The son of Ferdinand I and Maria Carolina, Francis at first inclined toward liberalism. After the introduction of the constitution of 1812, which provided for a bicameral government along British lines, he was appointed vicario, or regent, of Naples. Francis sympathized with the Carbonari uprising of 1820; he opposed the decision

Kahlo, Frida

2005-02-17T09:43:00.000-08:00

In 1925 Kahlo was involved in a bus accident that so seriously injured her that she had to

France, History Of, The kings and the war, 13281429

2005-02-17T05:34:00.000-08:00

At the accession of the house of Valois in 1328, France was the most powerful kingdom in Europe. Its ruler could muster larger armies than his rivals elsewhere; he could tap enormous fiscal resources, including taxes authorized by sympathetic popes of French extraction; there remained only four great fiefs—the duchies of Aquitaine, Brittany, and Burgundy, and the county

Biblical Literature, The prophecies of Deutero-Isaiah

2005-02-16T09:22:00.000-08:00

Second Isaiah contains the very expressive so-called Servant Songs—chapter 42, verses 1–4; chapter 49, verses 1–6; chapter 50, verses 4–9; chapter 52, verse 13; and chapter 53, verse 12. Writing from Babylon, the author begins with a message of comfort and hope and faith in Yahweh. The people are to leave Babylon and return to Jerusalem, which has paid “double for all her sins.” As creator and Lord of history,

Interior Design, Religious interiors

2005-02-15T13:04:00.000-08:00

Religious architecture is heavily influenced by symbolic concepts as well as by the ritual and traditions of a particular faith. Designers of religious interiors must, therefore, base their approach on a set of rules preceding all other design considerations. The simple and modest Quaker prayerhouses, for instance, express the tenets of that faith as clearly

San

2005-02-15T03:38:00.000-08:00

Contrary to earlier

Music, Opera.

2005-02-14T15:01:00.000-08:00

The Finnish National Opera opened a new house in Helsinki, and the Opéra de Lyon (France) inaugurated a bold new home set within and above the walls of an 1831 theatre. With Glyndebourne's theatre under construction, the British company's productions were transferred to the Royal Festival Hall in London and the new Symphony Hall in Birmingham. The Metropolitan Opera in

Bologna

2005-02-13T20:38:00.000-08:00

Latin Bononia, city, capital of Bologna province and of Emilia-Romagna region, in northern Italy, north of Florence, between the Reno and Savena rivers. It lies at the northern foot of the Apennines, on the ancient Via Aemilia, 180 ft (55 m) above sea level. Originally the Etruscan Felsina (q.v.), it was occupied by the Gallic Boii in the 4th century BC and became a Roman colony and municipium (Bononia) c.

Essex

2005-02-13T17:31:00.000-08:00

County, northeastern New York state, U.S. It comprises a mountainous region bounded by the Ausable River to the northeast, Vermont to the east (Lake Champlain constituting the border), Lake George to the southeast, and the Hudson River to the southwest. Other waterways include the Cold, Chubb, Bouquet, and Boreas rivers and Schroon and Paradox lakes; Lake Tear of the Clouds

Philip Ii

2005-02-13T04:31:00.000-08:00

In 358 he invaded Paeonia, and then he defeated the Illyrians decisively, in a battle that already suggests a master of war. The next year his marriage with Olympias, the Molossian princess of Epirus (the mother of Alexander the Great), helped to stabilize his western frontier. Now he ventured to antagonize Athens by recapturing Amphipolis, the strategic key securing the

Shahpura

2005-02-11T20:12:00.000-08:00

Town, south-central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is a major road junction and agricultural mart. A walled town, Shahpura was founded about 1629 and was named after the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, who reigned from 1628 to 1658. The town was the seat of the Ramsanehi (“Lovers of Rama”), a medieval sect of mendicants, and was the capital of the former princely state of Shahpura, which became

Aldebaran

2005-02-11T11:14:00.000-08:00

Also called Alpha Tauri, reddish giant star in the constellation Taurus. Aldebaran is one of the 15 brightest stars, with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.86. Its diameter is approximately 50 times that of the Sun. It is accompanied by a very faint (13th magnitude) red companion star. Aldebaran lies about 50 light-years from the Earth. The star was once thought to be a member of the Hyades cluster, but in fact

Mercenary

2005-02-11T08:09:00.000-08:00

Employment of mercenaries could be politically dangerous

Biblical Literature, III Maccabees

2005-02-09T19:56:00.000-08:00

The Greek book called The Third Book of Maccabees itself has nothing to do with the Maccabean period. Its content is a legend, a miraculous story of deliverance, which is also independently told—in another historical context—by Josephus (Against Apion II, 5). In III Maccabees the story takes place during the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator (reigned 221–203 BCE). The central episode

Hystaspes

2005-02-08T19:02:00.000-08:00

Also called Gushtasp protector and follower of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster. Son of Aurvataspa (Lohrasp) of the Naotara family, Hystaspes was a local ruler (kavi) in a country called in the Avesta (the Zoroastrian scripture) Aryana Vaejah, which may have been a Greater Chorasmian state abolished by the Achaemenid king Cyrus II the Great in the mid-6th century BC.

Fish Poisoning

2005-02-07T06:52:00.000-08:00

Ciguatera poisoning is one of the most common forms of fish poisoning in the Caribbean. It is caused by fishes that in other parts of the world constitute food items (e.g., sea bass, snapper). The conditions under which these fishes become toxic in the Caribbean waters are not clear. Symptoms,

Conté, Nicolas-jacques

2005-02-07T02:09:00.000-08:00

At 14 he took up portrait painting, from which he derived a considerable income. Passionately interested in mechanical arts and science, he began displaying his inventive faculty during the French Revolution. With the supply

Terminalia

2005-02-06T08:49:00.000-08:00

Genus of about 200 species of trees of the family Combretaceae. Some species are commercially important for products such as gums, resins, and tanning extracts. T. arjuna, of Southeast Asia; T. hilariana, of tropical America; T. obovata, of the West Indies and South America; and T. superba, of West Africa yield woods used for cabinetwork, tools, and boat construction.

Education, History Of, Other German theorists

2005-02-05T23:33:00.000-08:00

In the history of pedagogy there is no period of such fruitfulness as the 19th century in Germany. In addition to Herbart, Froebel, Pestalozzi (in German Switzerland), and their followers, there were scores of the most important writers, philosophers, and theologians contributing their ideas on education—including Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, G.W.F.

Aristaeus

2005-02-04T23:01:00.000-08:00

Greek divinity whose worship was widespread but concerning whom myths are somewhat obscure. The name is derived from the Greek aristos, “best.” According to the generally accepted account, Aristaeus, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in Libya but later went to Thebes, where he received instruction from the Muses in the arts of healing and prophecy and became

Sangamon Interglacial Stage

2005-02-04T18:10:00.000-08:00

Major division of Pleistocene time and deposits in North America (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 1,600,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago). The Sangamon Interglacial follows the Illinoian Glacial Stage and precedes the Wisconsin Glacial Stage, both periods of widespread continental glaciation and severe climatic conditions, as opposed to the moderate conditions

Ma'mun, Al-

2005-02-02T07:32:00.000-08:00

In full Abu Al-'abbas 'abd Allah Al-ma'mun Ibn Ar-rashid seventh 'Abbasid caliph (813–833), known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in Islam and to impose upon his subjects a rationalist Muslim creed.

Basidiomycetes

2005-02-02T06:50:00.000-08:00

A large and diverse class of fungi (division Mycota) including jelly and shelf, or bracket, fungi; mushrooms, puffballs, and stinkhorns; and the rusts and smuts. The club-shaped spore-bearing organ (basidium) usually produces four sexual spores (basidiospores). Basidia are borne on fruiting bodies (basidiocarps), which are large and conspicuous in

Hyogo

2005-02-02T03:21:00.000-08:00

Ken (prefecture), western Honshu, Japan. Hyogo is bounded by the Sea of Japan (north) and the Inland Sea (south) and includes Awaji Island, the largest island of the Inland Sea. Hyogo is dominated by its capital, Kobe, and other southern coastal cities forming part of the Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area. Hyogo's industries include the production of iron, steel, textiles, and lumber. Agriculture

Athis-mons

2005-02-01T14:08:00.000-08:00

Town, southern suburb of Paris, in Essonne département, Île-de-France région, northern France. Athis-Mons lies near the confluence of the Orge and Seine rivers and is bisected by the N7 road artery leading to the centre of Paris. It was ancient Attegais, later Athis-sur-Orge, where a treaty of that name was signed in 1305 by the king of France and the count of Flanders. A Romanesque

Zande

2005-02-01T08:57:00.000-08:00

Also called Azande , also spelled Asande a people of central Africa who speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Extending across the Nile-Congo drainage divide, they live partly in The Sudan, partly in Congo (Kinshasa), and partly in the Central African Republic. The regions they inhabit, savanna in the north and rainforest in the south, are mostly suitable for agriculture

Gable

2005-01-31T10:13:00.000-08:00

The architectural treatment of a gable results from the effort to find an aesthetically pleasing solution to the problem of keeping water out of the intersection of walls and roof. This is accomplished either by

Gabon

2005-01-30T21:55:00.000-08:00

Following the smashing victory of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) in the December 1996 parliamentary elections, in which it won 100 of the 120 seats, Prime Minister Paulin Obame-Nguéma announced his new Cabinet on Jan. 29, 1997. Alexandre Sambat,

Loyalist

2005-01-30T19:08:00.000-08:00

Also called Tory colonist loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution. Loyalists constituted about one-third of the population of the American colonies during that conflict. They were not confined to any particular group or class, but their numbers were strongest among the following groups: officeholders and others who served the British crown and had a vested interest

Ako

2005-01-29T03:26:00.000-08:00

City, Hyogo ken (prefecture), western Honshu, Japan. During the Heian period (794–1185), it was a seaside resort for courtesans from Kyoto. It became a castle town in the 17th century, when the powerful Ikeda clan took up residence. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the establishment of chemical factories and steel mills has transformed Ako into one of Japan's most polluted industrial

Augustus, Caesar

2005-01-28T22:33:00.000-08:00

Returning to Italy, he was told that in his will Caesar had adopted him as his son and had made him his chief personal heir. He was only 18 when, against the advice of his stepfather and others, he decided to take up this perilous inheritance and proceeded to Rome. Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius), Caesar's chief lieutenant, who had taken possession of his papers and assets and had

Pendleton Civil Service Act

2005-01-28T21:56:00.000-08:00

Widespread public demand for civil service reform was stirred after the Civil War by mounting incompetence, graft, corruption, and theft in federal departments and agencies. After

Beza, Theodore

2005-01-27T23:22:00.000-08:00

After studying law at Orléans, Fr. (1535–39), Beza established a practice in Paris, where he published Juvenilia (1548), a volume of amorous verse that earned him a reputation as a leading Latin poet. On recovering

Pyroxene, Igneous rocks

2005-01-26T22:51:00.000-08:00

Uninverted pigeonites(monoclinic) are common as phenocrysts in high-temperature,

Gatlinburg

2005-01-26T08:42:00.000-08:00

City, Sevier county, eastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies about 30 miles (50 km) southeast of Knoxville, at the northwestern entrance to Great Smoky Mountains National Park. English and Scotch-Irish settlers began to arrive along the Little Pigeon River about 1795; by 1835 the settlement was called White Oak Flats. It was renamed in 1860 for Radford Gatlin, who opened a store there in 1855. In an American

Kaduna

2005-01-26T02:51:00.000-08:00

Town, capital of Kaduna state, north-central Nigeria. It lies along the Kaduna River, which is a major tributary of the Niger River. Sir Frederick (later Lord) Lugard, the first British governor of Northern Nigeria, selected the present site along the Lagos-Kano Railway for a town, and building began in 1913. In 1917 Kaduna (a Hausa word for “crocodiles”) replaced Zungeru, 100 miles (160 km) west-southwest,

China, The Boxer Rebellion

2005-01-24T14:11:00.000-08:00

The crisis of 1896–98 stirred a furious antiforeign uprising in Shantung, aroused by the German advances and encouraged by the provincial governor. It was staged by a band of people called the I-ho ch'üan (Righteous and Harmonious Fists) who believed that a mysterious boxing art rendered them invulnerable to harm. The group's origin is generally supposed to have been in the

Biblical Literature, Conditions aiding the formation of the canon

2005-01-24T09:16:00.000-08:00

The New Testament consists of 27 books, which are the residue, or precipitate, out of many 1st–2nd-century-AD writings that Christian groups considered sacred. In these various writings the early church transmitted its traditions: its experience, understanding, and interpretation of Jesus as the Christ and the self-understanding of the church. In a seemingly circuitous

Christ, Two Natures Of

2005-01-24T07:14:00.000-08:00

The clarification of Trinitarian doctrine during the first four centuries

Shafer, Helen Almira

2005-01-22T17:58:00.000-08:00

Shafer graduated in 1863 from Oberlin (Ohio) College. After two years of teaching in New Jersey she joined the faculty of St. Louis (Missouri) High School, where her work as a teacher of mathematics

SmoothSnow

Baseball

Poel, William

Shaft Coupling

Haldane, Richard Burdon, 1st Viscount Haldane Of Cloan

Catecholamine

Acta

Ear, Human, Vestibule

Lur

Gabon, Government

Saint Bernard

Corcoran Gallery Of Art

Black Hundreds

4-h Club

Framingham

Umniati River

Crab-eating Fox

Oboe

Skalkottas, Nikos

Argentina, Diet

Patristic Literature, Monastic literature

Chuuk Islands

André, John

Carbuncle

Dion

Encke's Comet

Mckinley

Essex Decision

Kaffeklubben Island

Palanpur

Henry I

Azare

Eisenhower, Mamie

Circassian

Blood Pressure

Bomber

Arts, Central Asian, The kingdoms of western Turkistan and Afghanistan

Liberation, Union Of

Kamen-na-obi

Tactical Weapons System

Music, Western, Solo and ensemble instruments

Benbow, John

Ezra

Aptitude Test

Ahikar, The Story Of

Aptitude Test

Aerospace Industry, Satellite, launch vehicle, and missile manufacture

Wu Changshuo

Osheroff, Douglas D.

Qodashim

World War I, The Egyptian frontiers, 1915July 1917

Carter, Jimmy

Pavia

Cima Da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista

Filarete

Eye Dialect

Porphyry Copper Deposit

Trichomonad

Wagram, Battle Of

India, The Afghan-Maratha struggle for North India

Harden, Sir Arthur

Francis I

Kahlo, Frida

France, History Of, The kings and the war, 13281429

Biblical Literature, The prophecies of Deutero-Isaiah

Interior Design, Religious interiors

San

Music, Opera.

Bologna

Essex

Philip Ii

Shahpura

Aldebaran

Mercenary

Biblical Literature, III Maccabees

Hystaspes

Fish Poisoning

Conté, Nicolas-jacques

Terminalia

Education, History Of, Other German theorists

World War I, The Egyptian frontiers, 1915July 1917

France, History Of, The kings and the war, 13281429